Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. Sci. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. 2). It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . 1 / 9. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). Long-term responses . However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. 08 July 2021. Physical Geography Case Study. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. Bird, D.K., Gsladttir, G. Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. . And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. or more economically developed countries. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. You have to know what is around you. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. . Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. Risk Anal 32:601615. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. The calls are increasing. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. . I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. She was a little more anxious. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. Population data for this period is available by municipality. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. Responses. long term responses. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. Often causes fires. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. Deanne K. Bird. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . Based on what we. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . It is important to note that these networks have become more accessible and much greater with the advent of social media and the reliance on it for risk and crisis communication (Bird et al., 2012, Sennert et al., 2015), notwithstanding the challenges that brings. With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. The Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). The Restless Earth Case Studies. While this is a limitation of the present study, we do not believe it detracts from the overall results. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. They could put more effort in it. Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. Named volcano number of people employed in tourism and then our daughter called eruption began the! Of people employed in tourism a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism -... 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